New Research Shows That Virginia is Significantly Behind in Recovering From Pandemic Learning Loss

Virginia is seeing small improvements in math achievement, while reading scores continue to decline

Researchers urge state and district leaders to use remaining federal funding on adding instruction time through summer school and tutoring

After reporting on pandemic achievement losses last year, the Education Recovery Scorecard (a collaboration between the Center for Education Policy Research at Harvard University and The Educational Opportunity Project at Stanford University) is issuing a report on the first year of academic recovery for school districts in 30 states.

Last year, students in many states made historic gains in math and reading. Still, they made up only one-third of the pandemic loss in math and one quarter of the loss in reading. Even if they maintain last year’s pace, students will not be caught up by the time federal relief expires in September. Moreover, the recovery efforts are not closing the gaps between high- and low-poverty districts which widened during the pandemic.

Virginia:

“No one wants to see poor kids footing the bill for the pandemic, but that is the path Virginia is on,” said Dr. Thomas Kane, Faculty Director of the Center for Education Policy Research at Harvard University and one of the study’s co-authors. “The top priority now is to ensure remaining federal relief dollars go to Summer 2024 and to tutoring and after-school contracts next year.”

• Between 2019 and 2022, achievement fell by 84% of a grade equivalent in math and 60% in reading.
• Between 2022 and 2023, math achievement statewide improved by 11% of a grade equivalent. In reading, average achievement declined by 9% of a grade equivalent last year.
• The pandemic produced devastating losses in many of the most needy Virginia school districts, with students in Richmond, Roanoke, Norfolk and Alexandria losing more than a full grade equivalent in math, while Richmond and Roanoke also lost more than a full grade equivalent in reading.
• Fortunately, Norfolk City and Henrico County schools took huge strides in the right direction, where average math achievement improved by more than half of a grade equivalent in a single year, an impressive achievement.
• If students in Virginia continue recovering at last year’s rate even in the absence of federal relief, students will require an additional six years to return to 2019 levels in math. The recovery had not begun in reading.
• Virginia received over $3.2 billion in federal recovery funding and as of January 2024, still had over $920 million (28%) remaining.

National Takeaways:

Over the course of the 2022-2023 school year, students in one state (Alabama) returned to pre-pandemic achievement levels in math. Despite progress, students in seventeen states remain more than a third of a grade level behind 2019 levels in math: AR, CA, CT, IN, KS, KY, MA, MI, NC, NH, NJ, NV, OK, OR, VA, WA, and WV.

Students in three states (Illinois, Louisiana, and Mississippi) returned to 2019 achievement levels in reading, while students in 14 states remain more than a third of a grade level behind in reading: CT, IN, KS, MA, MI, NC, NV, OK, OR, PA, VA, WA, SD, and WY.

Congress provided a total of $190 billion in federal aid to K-12 schools during the pandemic, with most of it targeted at high-poverty districts. As of January 2024, $51 billion of that aid is still available, with the remaining dollars due to be obligated by September of this year (or returned to the federal government).  To the extent that states and districts have remaining funds, they should focus those dollars on academic recovery this summer and next school year.

The researchers urge education leaders to take the following steps as the federal spending deadline approaches:

1. This spring, schools should inform parents if their child is below grade level in math or English so that parents have time to enroll in summer learning. Parents cannot advocate if they are misinformed. Research shows that parents take specific actions when they know their child is behind grade level.
2. Schools should expand summer learning seats this summer. States should require districts to set aside sufficient funds to accept all students who sign up. Research has shown that six weeks of summer learning produces a fourth of a year of learning, especially in math.
3. Districts can extend the recovery efforts into the next school year by contracting for high-quality tutoring and after-school programs before September. Although the federal relief dollars cannot be used to pay school employee salaries after September, they can be used to make payments on contracts that are signed before the deadline. (Click here to see the U.S. Department of Education’s recent guidance on seeking an extension. For ideas on how to tie contractor payments to student outcomes, see the Outcomes-Based Contracting project at the Southern Education Foundation.)
4. Local government, employers and community leaders should get involved in helping schools lower student absenteeism, which has remained high since the pandemic.

In addition to encouraging districts to reserve federal dollars to pay for Summer 2024 programming, tutoring, absentee reduction, and after-school programs for the 2024-2025 academic year, the researchers encourage states to consider using state dollars to incentivize districts to extend the school year or to expand summer learning in future years, as Texas has done.